• Supports antioxidant function, reduces blood pressure, supports kidney health, supports blood sugar regulation, supports cardiovascular health, and may combat against cancer (273,274,275).
• Supports antioxidant function via polyphenolic components with high levels of anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside) (273, 274, 275).
• May combat carcinogenesis via reduction of tumor cell proliferation, multiplicity and size of the tumors, increased anti-inflammatory capacity, increased antiproliferative activity, and increased pro-apoptotic activity (273).

• Supports appetite regulation (7).
• Reduces leptin hormone and supports improved blood glucose levels (7).
• Supports reduction of total cholesterol, body fat, and plasma glucose (blood sugar) (7).
• Supports healthy inflammatory response by reducing c-reactive protein (inflammation levels) in the body (7)

• Supports digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health (270).
• Supports reduction in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, glucose, and H1AC (270).
• Supports cardiovascular health via reduced levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and increased HDL cholesterol (271).
• Increases glucose absorption via high molecular weight enhancing glucose transport (271).
• Reduces serum concentrations of cholesterol via reducing the absorption of cholesterol from the gut.

• Supports immune health, cardiovascular health, blood sugar regulation, reduced body fat, and improved cognitive function (158).
• Supports blood sugar regulation via increased glucose uptake in
  insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant muscle (158).
• Supports cardiovascular health via increased nitric oxide production and decreased glycation of red blood cells (decreased HA1C) (158).
• Supports cognitive function via enhanced memory, focus, and reduction of neurodegenerative disease (158).
• Supports immune health via increased free radical scavenging capabilities and increased glutathione (master antioxidant) levels (158).
• Reduces body weight via decreased appetite in individuals with metabolic syndrome (158).

• Supports cardiovascular, hormonal, immune, healthy weight loss, mood, and optimized sleep (82,83).
• Reduces stress hormone cortisol resulting in improved body composition, sex hormone profile, and mood (82,83).
• Improves exercise performance via increased V02 max, muscular endurance, muscle hypertrophy (muscle growth), and decreased muscular fatigue (83).
• Improves quality of sleep by enhancing sleep recovery, reducing plasma cortisol concentrations, and enhancing REM sleep cycles (83).
• Supports hormonal and immune health via reduced production of inflammatory molecules (reactive oxygen species) and simultaneous increases in sex hormones (84).

• Supports immune health, enhances cognitive function, and combats neurodegenerative disease

• Supports immune health, improves blood sugar regulation, and reduces inflammatory markers seen in gastrointestinal chronic diseases (16).
• Improves insulin resistance by reduction of inflammatory blood markers, increasing glucose uptake by exercising skeletal muscle, and improving glycogen (storage form of carbohydrates) synthesis (17).

• Improves exercise performance, increases nutrient delivery to exercising muscle, and reduces lactate associated neurological exercise fatigue (15).
• Reduces carnosine (muscle acidity) levels and acts as an intramuscular ph buffer (15).
• Reduces lactate “burn” associated fatigue during extreme exercise (15).

• Supports vision health, cardiovascular function, increased nitric oxide production, blood sugar regulation, and antioxidant support (167,168).

• Supports conversion of food into cellular energy, hair health, skin health, and cognitive function (213,214).
• Enhances glucose breakdown into skeletal muscle tissue (213,214).

• Supports immune function via high levels of polyphenols and reduction of inflammation (169).
• Supports cardiovascular health via reductions in LDL Cholesterol (169).

• Supports increased bone mineral density, muscle function, hormonal balance, and immune function (180).

• Supports healthy detoxification.

• Optimizes energy, cognitive function, and mental alertness (24).
• Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance exercise performance (24).

• Supports bone health, muscle function, and cardiovascular health (36,37).
• Regulates processes of bone resorption, mineralization, and fracture repair (36,37).
• Increases the effect of physical exercise on bone mineral acquisition in the period preceding puberty (36,37).
• Prevents the development of preeclampsia (36,37).

• May support antioxidant function.

• Combats diarrhea, cramps, and muscle inflammation (176).
• Decreases muscle soreness and increases muscle strength (177).

• Supports healthy sleep, relaxation, reduced anxiety, and antioxidant support (251,252,253).
• Supports antioxidant function due to high levels of quercetin (flavonoid antioxidant) (251,252,253).

• Supports antioxidant function, healthy detoxification, improved energy, cardiovascular health, and combats depression (265, 266).
• Supports antioxidant function via high levels of carotenoids that product against DNA damage and scavenge free radicals (265).
• Supports cardiovascular health via reduced cholesterol and triglyceride levels (265).
• Supports detoxification via removal of methyl mercury from the body (265).
• Combats depression via reduced oxidative stress in the brain (266).

• Essential for cell membrane integrity, cell messaging, fat metabolism, DNA synthesis, immune support, and nervous system function (62,63).
• Serves as a methyl donor and as a precursor for production of cell membranes (62).
• Precursor for acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) which activates receptors in the central nervous system mediated immune responses (α7nAchR) (64).
• Lifelong choline supplementation may combat neurodegenerative diseases by reducing amyloid-β plaque load (plaques of degrading neurons) (62).
• Reduces concentration of total homocysteine (inflammation marker) in individuals with low levels of folate and other B vitamins (B₂, B₆, and B₁₂) (62).

• Supports insulin function, reduced cholesterol, improved blood sugar regulation and may lower cholesterol (218,219).

• Supports blood sugar regulation and cardiovascular health (166).
• Decreases levels of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride levels, and an increase in HDL-C levels (166).
• Supports blood sugar regulation by improving insulin sensitivity and enhanced glucose uptake (166).

• Supports joint health, antioxidant function, cardiovascular health, and reduced body fat (211, 212).
• Supports antioxidant function via increased free radical scavenging capacity and reduced inflammatory cytokines (211, 212).
• Supports Cardiovascular health via decreases in the waist and hip circumferences, reduced blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and leptin levels (211, 212).
• Reduces body fat via decreased Enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase and decreased activity of genetic modulators of adipogenesis (fat cell growth) such as C/EBPα, PPARγ, SREBP-1c (genetic regulators of fat cell growth) (211, 212).
• Supports joint health via reduced inflammation in connective tissue (211, 212).

***80% Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) 

• Reduces the rate of adipose (body fat) growth by reducing enzymes that metabolize and store fat (lipoprotein lipase) (1).
• Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid found in ruminant animal food products and produced from sunflower oil (1).
• CLA has shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties in certain malignant neoplasms(cancer) (2).
• CLA has anti -atherosclerotic properties by reducing plaques and inflammatory cytokines in arterial walls (blood vessels) (2).
• CLA may produce anti-inflammatory effects with immune cells (macrophages, monocytes) associated with atherogenicity (plaque buildup in arteries) (2).
• Key monocyte adhesion molecules (immune processes of plaque buildup) have been reduced with CLA supplementation (2).

• Supports healthy blood sugar levels, energy metabolism and cholesterol management (143,144).

• Supports cardiovascular health, immune health, and may combat against urinary tract infections (156, 157).

• Supports enhanced sexual function, reduced menopausal symptoms, reduced stress, and improved mood (139).
• Supports sexual health via regulation of the natural balance between androgens and estrogens in both men and women (139).

• Supports menstrual health in women.

• Supports antioxidant function, cardiovascular health, combats respiratory infections, and aids as antiviral agent (231,232,233,234).
• Supports antioxidant function due to polyphenolic content, increased free radical scavenging ability, and reduced inflammatory cytokines (231,232,233).
• May support antiviral activity against pathogens via flavonoids that bind to and prevent H1N1-type IV infection (234).
• Supports antimicrobial effects via combating bacteria that cause upper respiratory tract infections (Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and group C and G Streptococci) (234).

• Supports increased sexual drive, increased testosterone, reduced progression of atherosclerosis, increased nitric oxide levels, and reduced arterial (blood vessel) inflammation levels (126,127).
• Reduces arterial inflammation via reduction of free-radical-induced peroxidation in erythrocytes, and increased nitric oxide levels (126,127).
• Supports arterial health (health of blood vessels) via attenuating DNA damage, correcting endothelial dysfunction (126,127).
• Represses macrophage-derived foam cell formation, inhibiting platelet activation, and reduces oxLDL-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells (126,127).

• May support proper cell growth and DNA synthesis (65).

• Supports relaxation, positive mood, increased memory, reduced anxiety, blood sugar regulation, and increased growth hormone production (102).

• Fruit extract derived from the rind of the garcinia cambogia plant (23).
• Increases fat oxidation (fat burning) and improves hormones associated with mood and satiety (serotonin, ghrelin) (23).
• Reduces fat cell growth (de novo lipogenesis) and cholesterol production via high levels of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) (23).

• Supports cardiovascular health, immune health, joint health, reduced inflammation, gut health, and enhanced antibacterial activity (161).
• Supports cardiovascular health via reduced hypertension, reduced total cholesterol, reduced arterial stiffness (hardening of arteries), and markers of atherosclerosis (161).
• Supports joint health via reduced NF-κB activation (inflammation) in human fibrob lasts cells and reduced prevalence of pain in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (162).
• Supports gut health via increased prebiotic properties, increased microbiome population, and increased Lactobacillus and Clostridia species (163).
• Supports immune health via a reduction in inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF, IL-6) (164).

• Supports immune health, reduced blood pressure, digestive health, blood sugar regulation, and sexual health in men (110).
• Supports immune health via enhanced antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties (110).
• Supports sex hormone health via decreased oxidative stress, increased luteinizing hormone (LH) production, reduced oxidative stress, reduced lipid peroxidation, enhanced activity antioxidant enzymes, increased blood flow, and recycling of testosterone receptors (110).

• Supports immune health, vision health, immune health, and aids as a neuroprotective agent (261,262).
• Supports immune function via carotenoid and polyphenolic free radical scavenging capabilities, reduced DNA damage, and reduced inflammatory cytokines (261).
• Supports vision health via ocular neuroprotective effects zeaxanthin content (found in goji berry) (262).
• Increases neuronal protection with potent ameliorative effects on neuronal oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and neuronal cell death (262).

• Supports digestive health, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant support (201, 202).
• Supports antioxidant function via levels of berberine (alkaloid) (201,202).
  Echinacea
• Increases antiviral, anti-microbial, antioxidant capacity, and supports a strong immune system (159,160).
• Supports immune health via decreased impro-inflammatorymarkers(cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF) (159,160).
• Supports adaptive and innate immunity via increased monocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and CD8 T cells (159,160).

• Supports increased nitric oxide production, reduces blood pressure, reduces DNA damage, increases collagen production, increases bone strength, and aids as a neuroprotective agent (31).
• Supports antioxidant function via modulation of antioxidant enzyme expression, protection against oxidative damage, and reduced reactive oxygen species (31).
• Supports cardiovascular health via reduced atherosclerosis, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and improved endothelial vascular function (31).

• Natural thermogenic agent and fat hormone optimizer high in chlorogenic acid (20).
• Supports a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, body fat mass, and waist-to hip circumference, and fat circulating in the bloodstream (20).
• Decreases insulin levels and promotes efficient fat oxidation (burning) and insulin sensitivity(20).
• Green coffee bean inhibits enzymes that increase cholesterol production (20).
• Increases the activity of fat oxidation (burning) enzymes (carnitine palmitoyl transferase) (20).

• A potent polyphenolic antioxidant that supports blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic health (26).
• High in ECGC (epigallocatechin gallate) (26).
• ECGC is shown to reduce body fat mass, increase fat oxidation(burning) and increase caloric expenditure during exercise (25).
• Potent anti-inflammatory compound supporting glutathione production and inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers (cytokines) (26).
• Reduces oxidative stress (chronic inflammation in the body) (26).

• Supports cardiovascular health and combats metabolic syndrome (165).
• Supports cardiovascular health via reduced atherosclerotic lesion areas, reduced cholesterol synthesis (acyl-coA-cholesterol acyltransferase enzyme), reduced very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and inhibited platelet aggregation (165).

• Combats depression, anxiety, reduces triglycerides and supports a positive mood (246,247).

• Supports increased sexual drive, increased testosterone, reduced progression of atherosclerosis, increased nitric oxide levels, and reduced arterial (blood vessel) inflammation levels (126,127).
• Reduces arterial inflammation via reduction of free-radical-induced peroxidation in erythrocytes, and increased nitric oxide levels (126,127).
• Supports arterial health (health of blood vessels) via attenuating DNA damage, correcting endothelial dysfunction (126,127).
• Represses macrophage-derived foam cell formation, inhibiting platelet activation, and reduces oxLDL-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells (126,127).

• Supports respiratory health, digestive health, healthy detoxification, and may combat respiratory viruses (272).

• Supports liver detoxification, combats metabolic syndrome, and aids as an antioxidant (221).
• Combats metabolic syndrome via reduced levels of triglycerides, total-and LDL-cholesterol (221).
• Supports antioxidant function via reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory markers (interleukin 6) (222).

• Supports digestive health, influencing lipid metabolism and regulates glucose and insulin levels (268,269).

• High bioavailable source of iodine and polyphenols (32).
• May support healthy thyroid levels in individuals with impaired thyroid function (32).

• Natural vasodilator precursor to increased nitric oxide levels (1).
• Supports immune function by the maturation of the T cell (immune cell) receptor zeta (TCR) (2.)
• Improves exercise performance via increased stroke volume (blood flow) and increased nutrient delivery to exercising muscle. (3).
• Reduces arterial blood pressure, insulin resistance, and supports fat lipolysis (fat burning) (4).

• Most abundant amino acid in skeletal muscle that fuels immune cells, improves exercise recovery and optimizes gut microbiome (18).
• Vital for lymphocyte (immune cell) proliferation (growth) and paramount in neutrophil (immune cell) destruction of bacteria (18).
• Vital for activation of genetic signals that support immune function and vitality (18).
• Glutamine is utilized by immune cells at high rates during catabolic conditions (post-surgery,sepsis, burns, and extreme exercise (18).

• Supports cardiovascular health and exercise performance by increasing production of l-arginine (5).
• L-Ornithine supports kidney health and protein metabolism by converting ammonia (toxic by product of protein metabolism) into urea in urine (5).
• Reduces stress hormone (cortisol) and improves sex hormone profile via increase in DHEA (sex hormone precursor) (6).
• Improves perceived mood, sleep quality, and decreased subjective feelings derived from stress (5).

• Supports memory, cognitive flexibility, the executive function of the brain, and convergent thinking (60).
• A precursor to dopamine and is vital for dopamine synthesis in the brain (60).
• Supports cognitive function in individuals with high amounts of stress and anxiety (60,61).
• Increases dopamine levels in highly stressed individuals (60).

• Supports healthy sleep, relaxation, reduced anxiety, and antioxidant support (254,255).
• Supports antioxidant function via ability to scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, increased glutathione production (master antioxidant) combat DNA damage (254,225).
• Supports relaxed sleep via enhanced REM cycles reduced stress at bedtime (254,225).

• Supports anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic, and antimicrobial properties (178).

• Reduces stress hormones (cortisol), increases free testosterone, enhances mood, and supports sexual function (132).

• A carotenoid that supports vision health, immune health, cardiovascular health, and combats diabetic retinopathy (155,156).
• Supports increased lutein concentration in the macula and exhibits
  various features such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and bluelight-filtering effects (155,156).
• Supports visual health via increased lutein concentration in the macular layer of the retina, reduced susceptibility to age-related macular disease, reduced prevalence of cataracts, and improved plasma level of lutein and retinal macular pigment level (155,156).

• Supports prostate health, cardiovascular support, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive properties against cancer (191,192, 193).
• Combats inflammation via scavenging of free radicals and reduced oxidative damage of DNA. (191,192,193).
• Combats carcinogenesis via carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, apoptosis (cancer cell death), anti-proliferation, pro-differentiation, and anti-lipid peroxidation activities. (193).
• Inhibits phosphorylation of anti-oncogenes such as p53 and Rb. It also inhibits G0/G1 and S-phase of the cell cycle (193).

• Supports female hormonal health via increased sex drive, improved post-menopausal symptoms, and improved sexual desire (13).
• Increases luteinizing hormone (LH) production and reduced severity of menstruation (13).
• Increases sperm count in males via androgenic mechanisms associated with free testosterone increase (13).

• Supports optimal nerve function, muscle contractions, cardiovascular, bone health, and decreased anxiety (90,91).
• Supports biological reactions such as ATP-fueled reactions and pancreatic insulin secretion (90,91).
• Supports reduction systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and healthy HDL levels (90,91).
• Reduces peripheral cortisol levels in the CNS and supports relaxation and decreased anxiety (90,91).

• Supports enzymatic antioxidant reactions, increased bone mineral density, and blood sugar regulation (148,149).

• Supports healthy sleep patterns, immune function, and antioxidant support (256,257, 258).
• Supports healthy circadian rhythms, and improves the onset, duration, and quality of sleep.
• Supports immune function via improved free radical scavenging capacity (258).

• Increases enzymatic reactions involved in sulfite metabolism and detoxification (150).

• Supports sexual vitality in males and females, reduces stress, and increases blood flow to sexual organs (135).

• Supports sexual vitality in males and females, reduces stress, and increases blood flow to sexual organs (135).

• Supports blood sugar regulation, sexual enhancement, aids an anti-inflammatory agent, combats neurodegenerative disease, and supports antimicrobial activity (128).
• Supports anti-aging, rheumatoid, arthritis, diabetes, male infertility, and nervous disorders (128).
• Supports male sexual health via increased sperm motility and increased free testosterone (128).
• Combats neurodegenerative disease via stimulation of dopaminergic neurons (129).
• Supports blood sugar health via reduced blood glucose levels, improved insulin transport, and lowered H1AC levels (130).

• Supports blood sugar regulation and urinary health.

• May support antioxidant function and cardiovascular health (185).

• Reduces inflammation and supports joint health (178,179).
• Supports immune health via reduced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased levels of l-glutathione (master antioxidant) in macrophages (immune cells) (178,179).

• An adaptogenic herb that supports antioxidant function, cognitive function, increased muscle mass, combats inflammation, stabilizes blood pressure, enhances sexual health, and enhances endurance performance (136).
• Combats inflammation via inhibition of hydroxyl radical (inflammation) and lipid peroxidation (136).
• Supports endurance performance by enhancing mitochondrial energy output during exercise (136).

• Supports immune health and digestion.
• Supports digestive health via enzymatic support of protein digestion.

• Reduces stress, enhances sleep, and improves mood (248).
• Enhances positive mood and sleep via regulated gamma‐aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABAA) activity (receptor which controls sleep) (248).

• Supports reduced blood pressure, increased nitric oxide production, immune health, blood sugar regulation, prostate health, gut health and aids as an antimicrobial compound (170).
• Supports prostate health via high polyphenolic antioxidant levels (three times the antioxidant activity of green tea) that protect the prostate gland from inflammation (170).
• Supports reduced blood pressure via increased nitric oxide production, increased cardiac output (blood flow), and reduced cholesterol levels (170).
• Supports digestive health via combating inflammatory bowel disease (171).
• Supports immune health via reduced inflammatory cytokines (markers of inflammation) throughout the body (171).

• Supports healthy digestion, gut microbiome, healthy bowl movements, blood sugar regulation, and natural appetite suppressant (269).
• Increases stool water significant changes in microbiota in constipated patients (269).
• Reduces constipation via reduction of the bacterial genus associated with hard stools (Christensenella) (269).

• Supports urinary health, and immune function (175).
• Substantial improvement in BPH/LUTS. The observed symptom relief is accompanied by a clinically significant improvement in IPSS-related (175).

• Supports healthy testosterone levels, improves prostate health, and reduces chronic inflammation (19).

• Natural aromatic compound derived from raspberries enhancing fat oxidation( fat burning) and antioxidant protective mechanisms (21).
• Supports suppression of lipid accumulation (fat build up) in adipocytes (fat cells) (22).
• Increases total antioxidant capacity by increasing enzymes associated with decreasing reactive oxygen species (superoxide dismutase) (22).
• Increases natural production of master antioxidant L-Glutathione (22).

• Supports menopausal health via reductions in hot flashes, increased estrogen production, antioxidant support, improved lipid panels, increased bone mineral density, and improved mood (152,153,154).
• High in phytoestrogens (isoflavone) that bind to estrogen receptors which increase estradiol (154).
• Reduces total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and improves HDL (152,153,154).
• Supports bone health via increased osteoblasts (cells that build bone) activity, reduced bone turnover by inhibiting bone reabsorption, and increased bone mineral density (152,153,154).

• Supports Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, immune system activity, and skin health (140).
• Supports skin health by inhibiting oxidative damage and skin-aging factor via mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways (141).
• Supports immune health and antioxidant activity by increasing l-glutathione levels (master antioxidant) and enhanced free radical scavenging capabilities (141).

• Supports prostate health, cardiovascular health, and increased hair growth (133,134).
• Supports prostate health via anti-androgenic and anti-inflammatory effects resulting in reduced Benign prostatic hyperplasia (134).

• Supports antioxidant function, cardiovascular health, cognitive function, thyroid health, and immune health (145, 146).
• Combats atherosclerosis, high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia), and type 1 diabetes (147).
• Supports thyroid health via decreased circulating thyroid autoantibodies in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) (146).
• Increases the activity of selenoproteins that decrease reactive oxygen species (inflammation), increases natural killer activity, and increases glutathione (master antioxidant) levels (145,147).

• Supports calming mood and relaxation.

• Supports immune health, antioxidant function, and may combat liver carcinogenesis (276)
• Supports antioxidant function via diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging, and improved macrophage (immune cell) activity (276).
• Combats liver carcinogenesis via y activating the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis (cell death) of cancer cells (276).

• Combats depression and supports a positive mood (249,250).

• Supports reduced cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar regulation, reduces inflammation, reduced body fat, and supports antioxidant function (301, 302).

• Reduces stress hormones (cortisol), increases free testosterone, enhances mood, and supports sexual function (132).

• Supports sexual function, increased testosterone, cardiovascular health, supports healthy urinary tract function, supports athletic performance, and aids as a neuroprotective agent (137,138).
• Supports sexual health, via activating aphrodisiacs, increased spermatogenesis, sperm motility, increased free testosterone, and increase of androgenic (hormone) action via the activation of endogenous testosterone production (137,138).
• Supports cardiovascular health via decreased arterial inflammation levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand interleukin (IL)-6(137,138).
• Supports neuroprotective properties via protection of neuron injury, and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by suppressing brain inflammatory markers (NF-κB, TNF-αand IL-1β) (137,138).

• Reduces stress, enhances sleep, and improves mood (244,245).
• Enhances positive mood and sleep via regulated gamma‐ aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABAA) activity (receptor which controls sleep) (244, 245).

• Supports vision health, skin health, immune health, and increases antioxidant support (182, 183).
• Supports antioxidant function via decreased inflammatory cytokines (inflammation), decreased reactive oxygen species, and increased l-glutathione production (master antioxidant) (182, 183).
• Supports visual health via increased amounts of plasma vitamin A in macular (eye) tissues (182, 183).

• Supports aerobic energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation), cell growth, optimal neuronal conduction (nerve impulses), and cardiovascular health (94).
• Supports cardiovascular function and aids as a neuroprotective agent in individuals with vitamin B-1 deficiencies (94, 95).

• Supports conversion and activation of other B vitamins, red blood cell production and serves as a cofactor for both glucose and fat metabolism (energy production) (92,93).

• Major B vitamin that supports cardiovascular health by inhibiting hepatic(liver) triglyceride synthesis, reducing very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, and increasing HDL plasma concentrations (9).
• Reduces conversion of VLDL into LDL proteins and serum lipoprotein concentrations in plasma (blood) (9).
• Vital for regulation of gene expression, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair, and cell death (9).
• Supports healthy inflammatory response via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic (prevention of cell death) properties (9).
• Prevents pathologies(diseases) such as Pellagra and reduces prevalence of nervous anorexia, cancer, and crohn’s disease (10,11).
• Supports sensitization of tumors to radiation via apoptosis (cell death) cascade of tumor mass and improves oxygen delivery to malignant tissues (cancer cells) (12).
• Supports cognitive health by reducing age-related decline of NAD+, increasing quinolinic acid and reducing neuroinflammation (9).
• Increased niacin associated NAD+ levels have been shown to increase neurotransmission, learning and memory (9).
• Niacin reduces the prevalence of neurodegenerative pathologies by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction (9).

• Serves as a cofactor in more than 150 enzymatic reactions associated in blood sugar regulation, immunity, cardiovascular function, neuronal health, metabolic, and digestive health (38, 40).
• Reduces plasma glucose (blood sugar levels) via by inhibiting the activity of small-intestinal α-glucosidases (enzymes associated with glucose metabolism) (39).
• Functions as an antioxidant by counteracting the formation of reactive oxygen species (inflammatory markers) and advanced glycation end-products (38,40).
• May support blood sugar regulation in women with gestational diabetes (40).
• Cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA metabolism (40).

• Supports energy production, cell growth, cell repair, cognitive function, increased hippocampal volume (memory), and optimized bioenergetics (burning of carbohydrates, fat, and protein) (96).

• Supports proper DNA synthesis, folate cycle function, energy production, cognitive function, and immune health (51,53).
• Aids as an antioxidant via direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (inflammation), preserving l-glutathione levels (master antioxidant), and reducing oxidative stress (51).
• May prevent vitamin b-12 deficiency diseases such as anemia, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis (53).

• Supports immune function, cognitive health, cardiovascular health, and bone health (204,205,206,207,208)
• Supports immune health via neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and increased T lymphocyte-mediated immune function (204).
• Supports cardiovascular health via reduced cholesterol (204).
• Supports cognitive function via reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage of neuronal tissues (208).

• May support hormonal balance in women via increased progesterone production (151).
• Supports the reduction of atherosclerosis and improved vascular flow (151).

• Supports immune function, skin health, cognitive function, and vision (172,173).
• Supports stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune system
  (172,173).
• Supports the activation of lymphocytes and activation of innate and Tcell mediated immunity (172,173).
• Supports cognitive function by modulation of neuronal signaling in areas of the brain associated with memory and learning (hippocampus) (172,173).

• Supports healthy sleep patterns, mood, reduced anxiety, and supports the gut brain axis (261).
• Supports healthy sleep patterns via enhanced circadian rhythm and increased natural melatonin production (261).
• Supports gut brain axis via natural increased production of serotonin (neurotransmitter) in gut neurons (260, 261).